基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。     

农用柔性底盘偏置轴转向机构联动耦合控制策略及试验

针对农用柔性底盘前轮转向时两偏置轴转向机构难以保持联动关系而影响顺利转弯的问题,基于阿克曼转向几何与交叉耦合控制原理,设计了偏置轴转向机构联动耦合控制策略,采用模糊PID控制算法对两转向轮转角联动轮廓误差进行补偿,并依据方向盘信号大小和变化率对电磁摩擦锁PWM控制信号占空比进行调节,以匹配偏置电动轮转向的角速度,使两转向机构形成耦合而保持期望联动关系;基于MATLAB/Simulink对控制策略进行了仿真,且在硬化路面上实施了阶跃转向、蛇行转向及随机转向3种运动方式的试验验证,并对比分析了转角分配控制下的前轮转向效果。试验结果表明:耦合控制方法下柔性底盘前轮阶跃转向响应均在0.8 s内,左、右侧转角最大超调为1.3°;电磁摩擦锁的开闭可较好匹配电动轮的转向;左、右前轮对于各自目标角具有良好的跟踪性能;3种转向方式下最大与平均跟随误差值均小于分配控制方法;两轮联动的最大与平均转角轮廓误差分别为:阶跃转向1.2°与0.6°、蛇行转向1.1°与0.6°、随机转向1.0°与0.5°;耦合控制下仿真与试验转角的轮廓误差变化趋势一致,最大误差为2.2°,证明仿真模型合理有效。耦合控制下偏置轴转向机构联动控制效果优于转角分配控制,转向效果良好,该文提出的柔性底盘偏置轴转向机构联动耦合控制策略有效且可行。     

单点源滴灌条件下土壤渗流规律研究

针对单点源滴灌条件下的渗流过程,考虑土壤及水的压缩性影响,建立了弹性不稳定渗流数学模型。根据此模型可得到不同滴头流量条件下的润湿锋距离随时间变化规律及不同时刻土壤水头分布规律。计算结果表明:润湿锋距离增加的幅度随着灌溉时间的延长而减小,土壤压降漏斗前缘随着时间延长而不断向外扩展。     

Evaluation and application of ORYZA2000 for irrigation scheduling of puddled transplanted rice in north west India

Water-saving technologies that increase water productivity of rice are urgently needed to help farmers to cope with irrigation water scarcity. This study tested the ability of the ORYZA2000 model to simulate the effects of water management on rice growth, yield, water productivity (WP), components of the water balance, and soil water dynamics in north-west India. The model performed well as indicated by good agreement between simulated and measured values of grain yield, biomass, LAI, water balance components and soil water tension, for irrigation thresholds ranging from continuous flooding (CF) to 70 kPa soil water tension.Using weather data for 40 different rice seasons (1970-2009) at Ludhiana in Punjab, India, the model predicted that there is always some yield penalty when moving from CF to alternate wetting and drying (AWD). With an irrigation threshold of 10 kPa, the average yield penalty was 0.8 t ha⁻¹ (9%) compared with CF, with 65% irrigation water saving, which increased to 79% at 70 kPa with a yield penalty of 25%. The irrigation water saving was primarily due to less drainage beyond the root zone with AWD compared to CF, with only a small reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) (mean 60 mm).There were tradeoffs between yield, irrigation amount and various measures of WP. While yield was maximum with CF, water productivity with respect to ET (WP_ET) was maximum (1.7 g kg⁻¹) for irrigation thresholds of 0 (CF) to 20 kPa, and irrigation water productivity (WP_I) increased to a maximum plateau (1.3 g kg⁻¹) at thresholds ≥30 kPa.Because of the possibility of plant stress at critical stages known to be sensitive to water deficit (panicle initiation (PI) and flowering (FL)), treatments with additional irrigations were superimposed for 2 weeks at one or both of these stages within the 10, 20 and 30 kPa AWD treatments. Ponding for two weeks at FL was more effective in reducing the yield penalty with AWD than ponding at PI, but the biggest improvement was with ponding at both stages. This reduced the average yield loss from 9% (0.8 t ha⁻¹) to 5% (0.5 t ha⁻¹) for AWD with thresholds of 10 and 20 kPa. However, maximum WP_I (1.1 g kg⁻¹) was achieved with an irrigation threshold of 20 kPa combined with more frequent irrigation at FL only, but with a greater yield penalty (8%). Thus the optimum irrigation schedule depends on whether the objective is to maximise yield, WP_ET or WP_I, which depends on whether land or water are most limiting. Furthermore, the optimum irrigation schedule to meet the short term needs of individual farmers may differ from that needed for sustainable water resource management.     

Factors influencing activation of wet fly ash

To use fly ash, it is necessary to understand its activity variation under different wet conditions. Four low-calcium wet fly ash preparations are simulated in the laboratory. Fly ash activity is indicated by measuring specific compressive stre     

Design and optimization of drawing surface and FE analysis forthe front side panel of autobody

The drawing process of the front side panel of autobody is simulated by using the finite element software, Dynaform. The drawing surface is designed, focusing on the optimization of the addendum and the drawbead layout. By comparing the stress/strain conditions and the FLD in two types of addendum (stepped and slope) and three types of drawbead layout (closed, discontinuous and oblique drawbead), the slope addendum is chosen as the optimized addendum and the oblique drawbead is chosen as the optimized drawbead layout. The simulation results show the material flow in the corner and the quality of the part can be improved effectively with the optimized drawing surface. The optimized parameters are employed in production and acceptable quality parts are produced. Therefore, the optimized drawing surface is verified to be effective.     

横坡垄作下土壤湿润速率对褐土坡面侵蚀特征的影响

不同土壤湿润速率和侵蚀类型下团聚体破碎存在较大差异,进而诱发坡面侵蚀特征变化。横坡垄作特有的侵蚀过程可能改变土壤湿润速率对坡面侵蚀特征的影响效应。以褐土横垄为研究对象,基于室内模拟降雨试验,研究5个土壤湿润速率下(10、20、30、60、90 mm/h)不同侵蚀阶段的产流产沙和团聚体迁移规律。结果表明,细沟间阶段径流量随土壤湿润速率的增大而增加,而细沟阶段不同土壤湿润速率间的径流量无显著差异。2个阶段内,侵蚀量均随土壤湿润速率的增大而增加,与土壤湿润速率10 mm/h相比,20、30、60、90 mm/h速率下的侵蚀量分别显著增加25.16%~115.51%、95.02%~144.34%、151.03%~164.49%、249.42%~398.91%。细沟间阶段,土壤湿润速率的变化仅改变了产沙过程,而细沟阶段产流产沙过程均随土壤湿润速率发生了改变。主要迁移粒级-微团聚体流失所增加的细沟间和细沟侵蚀阶段分别主要来自2~5 mm和0.25~0.5 mm团聚体的破碎,而相应控制这2个粒级破碎的关键土壤湿润速率分别为20 mm/h和10 mm/h。不同阶段下迁移团聚体平均重量直径由大到小依次为细沟阶段、湿润处理后、细沟间阶段。     

河南地区夏玉米作物系数试验研究

根据郑州市华北水利水电大学农业节水灌溉试验场2013-2014年夏玉米实测数据,利用土壤水环境分析软件IrriMax的根区分析功能,对夏玉米的计划湿润层深进行修正;通过作物系数修正模型对夏玉米的作物系数进行修正,并利用土壤水分预测模型对2014年夏玉米生育期内土壤水分进行模拟,最后进行模拟结果分析。结果表明河南地区夏玉米全生育期的作物系数为0.80,2014年夏玉米整个生育期内土壤水分预测值与实测值基本吻合。     

无压地下灌溉条件下土壤水分入渗特性研究

通过室内土箱试验,研究了不同供水压力(-3、0、3cm)和灌水器孔径(4、6、8mm)对无压灌溉下累积入渗量、湿润峰动态变化以及土壤含水率分布的影响。结果表明,不同供水压力和灌水器孔径下累积入渗量、土壤湿润体水平向和垂直向最大湿润距离均随入渗时间的增加以幂函数形式增大,湿润体内土壤含水率沿湿润球体半径方向以二次抛物线形式逐渐减小。随着供水压力的增大,相同时段内的土壤入渗量增大,湿润锋的迁移速度也随之变快;在供水压力相同的条件下,大孔径灌水器在相同时段内的土壤入渗量、水平向和垂直向最大湿润距离均比小孔径灌水器情况下的数值要大。在中大灌水器孔径条件下,土壤含水率随供水压力增大而增大,而小孔径情况下差异显著。     

交替滴灌对土壤水盐分布规律影响研究

采用矩形有机玻璃土箱,研究了4种交替模式(咸淡、淡咸、咸淡咸、淡咸淡)下滴灌对土壤水盐分布状况的影响。试验结果表明:交替模式对湿润锋的推进速率在灌水初期0~30min影响较大,淡水较咸水在水平方向推进更快,而咸水较淡水更有利于垂直入渗;对水分、盐分的影响主要体现在2~6cm深度层,咸淡咸的交替模式在该范围内含水率值最大,咸淡次之,第1单项滴灌水的水质对大孔隙的形成起决定性的作用;咸淡及淡咸淡的交替模式在该范围内电导率值较大且淡咸淡的交替模式出现了一个突变的电导率值;最后灌淡水能够有效淋洗咸水聚集在表层的盐分。